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Wetlands in Sunderban , Sunderban in West Bengal, Sunderban , Sunderban West Bengal |
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THE SUNDERBAN West Bengal
Location: from the Hooghly-Matlah estuary east to the Bangladesh border, 100 km southeast of Calcutta, West Bengal
Area: Indian portion approximately 450,000 ha; area of mangrove forest between 200,000 ha and 300,000 ha; Tiger Reserve 258,500 ha; core area 133,000 ha
Altitude: 0-5 m
Biogeographical province: 4.3.1 Wetland type: 02, 03, 05, 06, 07, 10
Description of site: The Sunderban (literally “beautiful forests”) comprise the outer portion of the Ganges/ Brahmaputra delta, a vast region of tidal channels and islands covering about one million hectares and including one of the largest contiguous blocks of mangrove forest in the world. Almost 60% of this extensive area lies in Bangladesh; the remainder, including some 200,000-300,000 ha of mangrove forest, is in Indian territory. The Indian portion includes the deltaic region of the Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system, and the area bordering the Hooghly, Muriganga, Saptamukhi, Thakuran, Goshaba, Vidya, Matlah, and Hasinbhanga estuaries. In the western part of this section, large areas have been bunded for human settlement and cultivation, and very little mangrove forest now remains. The Indian Sunderban lie at the western edge of the ancient delta of the Ganges and suffer from an extreme scarcity of fresh water. Morphogenetic and tectonic uplift of this western margin has shifted the course of the Ganges eastwards, and the inflow of fresh water is now almost exclusively confined to the monsoon period between May and November. As a consequence, the Bengali Sunderban.
Most rewarding in economic terms, and major efforts are being made to develop the prawn fishery of the area. Fully 20% of the Bengal prawn catch comes from inshore waters. Some 35% of the total marine fish catch is of species dependent upon the Sunderban for some period of their life. Approximately 33% of the annual catch of Hilsa ilisha in West Bengal and Orissa comes from the Hooghly and Matlah estuaries. However, only a tiny fraction of taxed revenue from fishing is re-invested in the region. The mangrove forests also provide a valuable source of timber for construction, firewood, tannin, and honey, together with other miscellaneous forest products
Fauna: The Sunderban contain some 300 tigers (Panthers tigris), the largest single population of the species. The spotted deer (Axis axis), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatto) are particularly common. Marine mammals include the cetaceans Sousa plumbea, Delphinus delphis, Orxaella brevirostris, and Neophocaena phocaenoides. The Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) lives all along the estuaries. The mangrove forests support a rich and relatively undisturbed avifauna. There are six species of kingfisher Alcedinidae, including Pelargopisis amauroptera. Pelecanus philippensis reportedly breeds, and some 5000 Anastomus oscitans inhabit the Kulik forest. Small numbers of Leptoptilos javanicus are regularly seen and presumably breed. The coastal mudflats and estuaries are of great importance as staging and wintering areas for migratory shorebirds, gulls, and terns, but no census data are available. The marine turtles Lepidochelys olivacea and Eretmochelys imbricate breed along the seaward edge of the forest, and the endangered river terrapin (Batagur basks) may inhabit the area. There is a small, but growing, population of the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), supplemented by captive-reared individuals. Snakes include the python (Python molurus), some more then five metres in length. The Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis) is also found Many species of fish of great economic importance are dependent upon the Sunderban mangrove ecosystem at some stage during their life cycle. These include Liza fade, L. macrolepis, Mugil cephalus, M. cunnesius, Chanos demos, Rhinomugil corsula, Lates tetradactylum, Elops saurux, cyprinoides, and Septipinnia sp. C prawns include Penaeus i Metapenaeus monoceros, M. breric and Parapenaeopsis sculptilis. Th ary serves as a nursery for mij spawning grounds for many th catadromous types of n-dgratic broadly divided into three cafe
(i) Marine forms that migrate u freshwater areas: Hilsa ilisha, Sillaginopsis panijus, and Pam these fish live in the estuary of one year, before returning to it.
(ii) Freshwater species which Pangasius pangasius, and the rosen bergii; Special floral values: Togethei the Andaman and Nicobar I constitute the best example of tt All the mangrove tree species i well represented. The uncomn rotundiflora occurs in the back.
Location: from the Hooghly-Matlah estuary east to the Bangladesh border, 100 km southeast of Calcutta, West Bengal
Area: Indian portion approximately 450,000 ha; area of mangrove forest between 200,000 ha and 300,000 ha; Tiger Reserve 258,500 ha; core area 133,000 ha
Altitude: 0-5 m
Biogeographical province: 4.3.1 Wetland type: 02, 03, 05, 06, 07, 10
Description of site: The Sunderban (literally “beautiful forests”) comprise the outer portion of the Ganges/ Brahmaputra delta, a vast region of tidal channels and islands covering about one million hectares and including one of the largest contiguous blocks of mangrove forest in the world. Almost 60% of this extensive area lies in Bangladesh; the remainder, including some 200,000-300,000 ha of mangrove forest, is in Indian territory. The Indian portion includes the deltaic region of the Hooghly-Matlah estuarine system, and the area bordering the Hooghly, Muriganga, Saptamukhi, Thakuran, Goshaba, Vidya, Matlah, and Hasinbhanga estuaries. In the western part of this section, large areas have been bunded for human settlement and cultivation, and very little mangrove forest now remains. The Indian Sunderban lie at the western edge of the ancient delta of the Ganges and suffer from an extreme scarcity of fresh water. Morphogenetic and tectonic uplift of this western margin has shifted the course of the Ganges eastwards, and the inflow of fresh water is now almost exclusively confined to the monsoon period between May and November. As a consequence, the Bengali Sunderban.
Most rewarding in economic terms, and major efforts are being made to develop the prawn fishery of the area. Fully 20% of the Bengal prawn catch comes from inshore waters. Some 35% of the total marine fish catch is of species dependent upon the Sunderban for some period of their life. Approximately 33% of the annual catch of Hilsa ilisha in West Bengal and Orissa comes from the Hooghly and Matlah estuaries. However, only a tiny fraction of taxed revenue from fishing is re-invested in the region. The mangrove forests also provide a valuable source of timber for construction, firewood, tannin, and honey, together with other miscellaneous forest products
Fauna: The Sunderban contain some 300 tigers (Panthers tigris), the largest single population of the species. The spotted deer (Axis axis), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatto) are particularly common. Marine mammals include the cetaceans Sousa plumbea, Delphinus delphis, Orxaella brevirostris, and Neophocaena phocaenoides. The Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) lives all along the estuaries. The mangrove forests support a rich and relatively undisturbed avifauna. There are six species of kingfisher Alcedinidae, including Pelargopisis amauroptera. Pelecanus philippensis reportedly breeds, and some 5000 Anastomus oscitans inhabit the Kulik forest. Small numbers of Leptoptilos javanicus are regularly seen and presumably breed. The coastal mudflats and estuaries are of great importance as staging and wintering areas for migratory shorebirds, gulls, and terns, but no census data are available. The marine turtles Lepidochelys olivacea and Eretmochelys imbricate breed along the seaward edge of the forest, and the endangered river terrapin (Batagur basks) may inhabit the area. There is a small, but growing, population of the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), supplemented by captive-reared individuals. Snakes include the python (Python molurus), some more then five metres in length. The Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis) is also found Many species of fish of great economic importance are dependent upon the Sunderban mangrove ecosystem at some stage during their life cycle. These include Liza fade, L. macrolepis, Mugil cephalus, M. cunnesius, Chanos demos, Rhinomugil corsula, Lates tetradactylum, Elops saurux, cyprinoides, and Septipinnia sp. C prawns include Penaeus i Metapenaeus monoceros, M. breric and Parapenaeopsis sculptilis. Th ary serves as a nursery for mij spawning grounds for many th catadromous types of n-dgratic broadly divided into three cafe
(i) Marine forms that migrate u freshwater areas: Hilsa ilisha, Sillaginopsis panijus, and Pam these fish live in the estuary of one year, before returning to it.
(ii) Freshwater species which Pangasius pangasius, and the rosen bergii; Special floral values: Togethei the Andaman and Nicobar I constitute the best example of tt All the mangrove tree species i well represented. The uncomn rotundiflora occurs in the back.
For Wetlands in Sunderban
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